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Lester F. Ward (June 18, 1841 – April 18, 1913) was an American botanist, paleontologist, and sociologist. He served as the first president of the American Sociological Association. Ward was a pioneer who promoted the introduction of sociology courses into American higher education. His belief that society could be scientifically controlled was especially attractive to intellectuals during the Progressive Era. His influence in certain circles (see: the Social Gospel) was affected by his opinions regarding organized priesthoods, which he believed had been responsible for more evil than good throughout human history. Ward emphasized the importance of social forces which could be guided at a macro level by the use of intelligence to achieve conscious progress, rather than allowing evolution to take its own erratic course as proposed by William Graham Sumner and Herbert Spencer. Ward emphasized universal and comprehensive public schooling to provide the public with the knowledge a democracy needs to successfully govern itself. A collection of Ward's writings and photographs is maintained by the Special Collections Research Center of the George Washington University. The collection includes articles, diaries, correspondence, and a scrapbook. GWU's Special Collections Research Center is located in the Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library.〔(Guide to the Lester Frank Ward Papers, 1883-1919 ), Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, the George Washington University〕 ==Biography== Most, if not all of what is known about Ward's early life comes from the definitive biography, ''Lester F. Ward: A Personal Sketch'', written by Emily Palmer Cape in 1922, where she writes in the forward: Cape explained later in the forward: In a footnote on pp. 5–6, Cape notes: On February 20, 1911, in replying to my asking him to write his autobiography, he says: "I don't want to write my autobiography and have it appear while I am alive. It doesn't seem the thing to do. ''You are the one to write'' my biography from all the data that I shall ''leave'', but it will be done after I have left them." (The "data" signified the diaries. The above italics are in Dr. Ward's letter.)〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lester Frank Ward」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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